CF525A.Vitaliy and Pie

普及/提高-

通过率:0%

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题目描述

After a hard day Vitaly got very hungry and he wants to eat his favorite potato pie. But it's not that simple. Vitaly is in the first room of the house with nn room located in a line and numbered starting from one from left to right. You can go from the first room to the second room, from the second room to the third room and so on — you can go from the ( n1n-1 )-th room to the nn -th room. Thus, you can go to room xx only from room x1x-1 .

The potato pie is located in the nn -th room and Vitaly needs to go there.

Each pair of consecutive rooms has a door between them. In order to go to room xx from room x1x-1 , you need to open the door between the rooms with the corresponding key.

In total the house has several types of doors (represented by uppercase Latin letters) and several types of keys (represented by lowercase Latin letters). The key of type tt can open the door of type TT if and only if tt and TT are the same letter, written in different cases. For example, key f can open door F.

Each of the first n1n-1 rooms contains exactly one key of some type that Vitaly can use to get to next rooms. Once the door is open with some key, Vitaly won't get the key from the keyhole but he will immediately run into the next room. In other words, each key can open no more than one door.

Vitaly realizes that he may end up in some room without the key that opens the door to the next room. Before the start his run for the potato pie Vitaly can buy any number of keys of any type that is guaranteed to get to room nn .

Given the plan of the house, Vitaly wants to know what is the minimum number of keys he needs to buy to surely get to the room nn , which has a delicious potato pie. Write a program that will help Vitaly find out this number.

输入格式

The first line of the input contains a positive integer nn ( 2<=n<=1052<=n<=10^{5} ) — the number of rooms in the house.

The second line of the input contains string ss of length 2n22·n-2 . Let's number the elements of the string from left to right, starting from one.

The odd positions in the given string ss contain lowercase Latin letters — the types of the keys that lie in the corresponding rooms. Thus, each odd position ii of the given string ss contains a lowercase Latin letter — the type of the key that lies in room number (i+1)/2(i+1)/2 .

The even positions in the given string contain uppercase Latin letters — the types of doors between the rooms. Thus, each even position ii of the given string ss contains an uppercase letter — the type of the door that leads from room i/2i/2 to room i/2+1i/2+1 .

输出格式

Print the only integer — the minimum number of keys that Vitaly needs to buy to surely get from room one to room nn .

输入输出样例

  • 输入#1

    3
    aAbB
    

    输出#1

    0
    
  • 输入#2

    4
    aBaCaB
    

    输出#2

    3
    
  • 输入#3

    5
    xYyXzZaZ
    

    输出#3

    2
    
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